Impedance definition
Impedance, denoted Z, is an expression of the opposition that an electronic component, circuit, or system offers to alternating and/or direct electric current.Impedance is a vector (two-dimensional)quantity consisting of two independent scalar (one-dimensional) phenomena: resistance and reactance. Resistance, denoted R, is a measure of the extent to which a substance opposes the movement of electrons among its atoms.The more easily the atoms give up and/or accept electrons, the lower the resistance, which is expressed in positive real number ohms.Resistance is observed with alternating current (AC) and also with direct current (DC). Examples of materials with low resistance, known as electrical conductors, include copper, silver, and gold.High-resistance substances are called insulators or dielectrics, and include materials such as polyethylene, mica, and glass.A material with an intermediate levels of resistance is classified as a semiconductor. Examples are silicon, germanium, and ga